When you upload an image or update, it takes about 24 hours and a maximum of 72 hours to update. In case, even after 72 hours, the profile image is not updated, you should reinstall your app.
Sometimes viral attacks or issues with apps create such problems. Even if the issue does not resolve after reinstalling the app, you should check either the profile image complies with Spotify's policies.
Make sure images don't violate the laws, terms, and conditions. It must not be offensive as well as hatred. If you upload such content, Spotify will not support it and remove it from your profile.